HARRIS Boric Acid Roach and Silverfish Killer. This gel is similar to the Terro gel, but it’s not as easy to use. I already took out an ideal breeding ground of cockroaches on their cage, since last week. Learn all about the Sand Cockroach and Sand Cockroach Control. Great Stuff™ Pestblock Insulating Foam Sealant is a ready-to-use foam sealant that expands up to 1 inch to take the shape of gaps, creating a long-lasting, airtight and water-resistant seal that blocks out spiders, ants, cockroaches, rats, mice and more from entering the home without the use of pesticides. This is one of the reasons these roaches are oftentimes confused with smokybrown and oriental cockroaches. In contrast to the related oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis, which is shiny on all segments, the rear portions of the abdomen of this species have a rough, dull surface. Surinam Roach Invasion: Your Guide to a Pest-Free Garden General Information about Surinam Roach See full list on orkin. แมลงสาบสุรินัม SURINAM COCKROACH. It comes out soft but quickly hardens to protect the roaches inside. Adult Stage. Life Cycle and Description. Maxforce Professional Roach Killer Bait Gel. 4), is also fairly large (1 ¼ inch) and dark-mahogany brown to black in color. Sprinkle Borax. They have a dark brown or black head being one of the few bi-colored roaches in the state. 5-30PCS Pest Roach Glue Trap Cockroach Killer Bait Catchers Indoor Office Motel. Both the adults and nymphs of this species don a dark brown hue. While cockroaches are nothing new, CropLife SA has received reports from all over the country of a surge in German cockroaches. Even though this is a myth, it’s no wonder people believe it. Step 1: Take one spoon each of sugar and baking soda (equal quantity of both) Step 2: Combine and mix both the elements and place in a bowl. Experience fast-acting results with our 11-ounce, ready-to-use spray can. 1. Consider how much food waste you put into it to keep cockroaches away from your compost pile. Annu. Interestingly, the male counterparts are slightly smaller. Below you can find a complete list of Surinamese animals. July 28, 2022 by Will David If you find a Surinam cockroach within your home, they are not a common annoyance. Slow-acting poisons give the roaches enough time to bring the bait back to the nest. These egg capsules produce from 14 to 42 eggs each. With its reddish-brown color and. This homemade roach killer recipe attracts roaches and provides them with something to eat that will kill them after ingesting. Limit Food Waste. What makes this fact less apparent is the fact that most types of cockroach never bother to enter your home. Orkin’s exclusive A. A combination of an insecticide to kill active cockroaches, bait to eliminate. Figure 7-2. And with all the different types of cockroach poison available, you’d think it would be near-impossible to get rid of a cockroach infestation. Roach Care Sheet Roach Care Sheet: Surinam Roaches (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) Common and Scientific Name Surinam Roach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) Breeding Information and Defining Characteristics They need it warm and humid to breed. 9. To make this mixture, combine equal parts of boric acid and flour and place in places where you’ve observed cockroach activity. Blattodea Stamp: This “cucaracha” is known as the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, although it is probably a native of Africa. , 2002; Moretti et al. The eye worm, Oxyspirura mansoni is a species of roundworm which infects the chicken's eye. However, research in 2019 showed that roaches can develop higher resistance to abamectin in just two generations, or about a year. Get rid of Surinam Cockroaches and protect your home from future infestation with a Modern Pest treatment program that minimizes the use of pesticides. Surinam roaches and other roaches hate the smell of this acid. Borax is a compound that also includes boric acid and can help to get rid of palmetto bugs for good. Fill a spray bottle with water, leaving enough room to add liquid washing up detergent. Baking soda for roach treatment. However, mix citrus acid with water in a spray container to get rid of roaches with citrus. Blender 3D cockroach models for download, files in blend with low poly, animated, rigged, game, and VR options. ELIMATE What attracts cockroaches more than anything is food. (above) Gel bait is applied to areas where cockroach are found, near food, water and. 1-800-323-7378 . edu. They are transported. The Surinam Cockroach – also known as the Greenhouse Cockroach – is a tropical species that has specialized to burrow into the soil. They are also the largest type of roach on the islands, typically around two inches in length. As the nymphs grow, they undergo several molting stages before reaching maturity. Buy from Amazon. The Surinam Cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) is the most popular roach in the state. solution is a continuing cycle of three critical steps—Assess, Implement and Monitor. In greenhouses they can become economically important. They prefer warm, humid conditions and will often enter homes during periods of colder weather. Best gel: Advion Cockroach Gel Bait - See at Amazon. Life Cycle and Description. They feed on plants and can cause considerable damage and/or. One of the best roach killer ingredients is baking soda. Bait — You can also use chemical baits, a more powerful option, which can be purchased at most stores; we recommend Combat Max 12 Month Roach Killing Bait ($11. They are burrowing insects and make their homes almost exclusively in soil. Use these products, and you will be roach free in less than a week. Spread the mixture in areas frequented by roaches. Roach Hotel. 1. Indoxacarb 0. Once they eat it, the chemicals kill roaches from the inside out. A ghastly scene unfolded during dinner 75 years ago at Oregon State Hospital. Cockroaches are small, 8-legged invaders that can be quite a nuisance. Surinam cockroaches are often found near garbage cans or sewers and usually live in decaying organic matter. 95 to $19. Shape: Oval, shield image located behind the head, wings. 1% Imiprothrin formula to kill cockroaches on contact and keep killing them for up to 6 months. 100%; Gamma-cyhalothrin 0. He spent the next two hours camped out in the hallway, trying to work up the courage to go back inside and kill the roach. Free shipping. There are around 4,400 species of cockroach in the order Blattodea (as well as 3,000 species of termites) and many of these live within California’s borders. It is a common plant pest endemic to the Indomalayan region that has spread to tropical and into subtropical regions around the world, and in isolated populations to temperate climates where protective habitat such as greenhouses provide shelter for individuals inadvertently shipped in. According to a statement from CropLife SA, South Africa is faced with a near-pandemic cockroach outbreak. Adding food waste gradually is recommended until you know your compost pile is safe from cockroaches. When she’s an adult, she’ll be about 18-25mm long (almost an inch) — right now, she’s about 8mm long. A: Adult specimen of Surinam cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) a burrowing arthropod who lives in tropical and subtropical climates, green houses provides shelter in temperate climate where it can also live and reproduce by parthenogenesis; it. 50 $ 18. The 25% cypermethrin concentrate is diluted at a rate of up to 5. Found in: The Southern United States. ₱46. Enforcer Roach. $10. Some also contain an insect growth regulator, which works to inhibit the lifecycle of the cockroach. This natural, non-toxic cockroach killer is the perfect alternative to the poisonous commercial roach killers you can find at the grocery store. Soil Dwellers Surinam cockroaches are burrowing insects and primarily live in loose soil, compost, and mulch. During the day, this cockroach hides in tight spaces such as refrigerators, stoves, sinks, and walls. Surinam roaches are a small burrowing roach that reproduces through parthenogenesis. Watch the roaches climb up the sticks, dive into the beer, and drown to death. Spread it out! Thinly spread mulch piles to make them less hospitable to Surinam cockroaches. In homes, this includes dining rooms, living rooms, dens and bedrooms. Bengal Roach Killer Spray. Step 3: Place the bowl at an area, which you suspect is infested with cockroaches. Why am I finding roaches in my plants? Though Surinam cockroaches are not generally considered a pest, they can end up in your home via houseplants. What do they look like? Where do they live? What do they eat? Read facts about their damage and reproduction. How to use: Fill a spray bottle with white vinegar. Maxforce FC Select – The. Syngenta Advion Roach Killer / Cockroach Gel Bait (Comes with Plunger and Tips) Opens in a new window or tab. Measuring about 1. Abstract. jamiej1227 (23) 100%. It may be 7 days or longer before you see fewer cockroaches. Its. 71–1. This homemade roach killer recipe attracts roaches and provides them with something to eat that will kill them after ingesting. Surinam Roach. Dusts can kill plenty of roaches on their own but they’re also great alongside gel bait. Blattella germanica. Free shipping. Adults with pale leading edge on the dark brown to black pronotum. 2. Females reproduce through a process called parthenogenesis, whereby a female can self-fertilize and propagate without needing a male. P. The chemical kills ants, spiders, bed bugs, dirt mites, roaches, and more. There’s a common saying that cockroaches can survive a nuclear bomb. The other roaches eat the dead poisoned roach, and the poison spreads. It is a common plant pest endemic to the Indomalayan realm that has spread to tropical and into subtropical regions around the world, and in isolated populations to temperate climates where protective habitat such as greenhouses provide shelter for. When roaches walk through boric acid, it sticks to their legs and wings. They feed on plants and can cause considerable damage and/or kill plants. Adults grow to around 0. In this guide, we’ll explore their impact and arm you with strategies to reclaim your outdoor haven. To use Bayer's liquid K-Othrine SC 25 poison you have to mix it with water and then put it in a spray bottle. Likewise, many placements of gel or other roach baits should be used. 0:39. The insecticidal bait powder is highly effective and of low poisonous. Much smaller than the American cockroach, at about an inch long, the Surinam cockroach is brown to black in color and not much of a flyer (females can’t fly at all). Attacking Cockroaches With Better Science. The most popular and effective natural cockroach killer is diatomaceous earth. One of the easiest ways that anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps. When his roommate came home at around 2am, however, Stein saw a better. Place them under your seats and in the corners of the trunk. 6 inches long. 10 COMMON cockroaches in Florida: #1. Cockroaches 101 A Guide to Identifying Common Types of Cockroaches. Using a liquid insecticide to soak the soil in which Surinam cockroaches live is a good way to control them. German cockroaches show a preference for warm (70°F/21°C) and humid places. With long staying power, the Suspend SC roach insecticide by Bayer can last up to 3 months after initial application. Rev. It may take up to a few hours or days for symptoms to show. Surinam Cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) Also known as the. [9] The Surinam cockroach prefers dark, moist areas such as your garden. To keep the wasps around, plant herbs that are attractive to them such as cilantro, dill, fennel, and parsley. Throw away any food that has been left out on the counter. Mizukubo. Using boric acid on cockroaches can work, but correct application is key and improper use in a home can also cause several problems. These shiny brown cockroaches can grow up to an inch in length (although most average at around ¾ of an inch). e. These large, slow-moving cockroaches are sometimes kept as pets. To kill German cockroaches, you need some liquid soap, water, and a spray bottle. Each 30 g tube yields approximately 60 bait placements. Brown, V. 2 to 1. These egg capsules produce from 14 to 42 eggs each. In this guide, we’ll explore their impact and arm you with strategies to reclaim your outdoor haven. Eliminating access to food can help eliminate a roach problem. These insects are generally known to be active at night but the current situation is so dire that they are. Plenty of products are available for this roach. Smear a thin film of petroleum jelly on the shoulder area inside the jar. Here’s how you can use peppermint oil to kill cockroaches: Mix 15 drops of peppermint oil with 10 ounces of water. Females are darker brown, and their abdomens are broader. Ortho Defence Outdoor Roach Killer (Prevent. If you add too much in one go, it’ll smell and cockroaches will be attracted to it. 2. The following pest prevention tips can help keep American cockroaches (and other pests) away from your home and family: Store all food in airtight containers. The Pacific beetle cockroach stands out due to its distinct beetle-like appearance. 98. Studies into vinegar show that it is a natural antibacterial agent and will also help to disinfect any surfaces that have been contaminated by waterbugs or cockroaches. These are easily confused with the oriental cockroach, and do have a somewhat similar appearance. Boric acid can be applied to cracks and crevices in walls, around windows, and in other areas where the pests are likely to enter. The cockroach outbreak does not warrant unlawful activities that pose a grave risk to people’s health. The German cockroach is the cockroach of concern, the species that gives all other cockroaches a bad name. It is only active at night and of the outdoor cockroaches, it is one of the most common synanthropic (associated with humans) species in Texas. 26ʺN, 16°21ʹ59. 4. Ensure a safe and effective solution to your roach problem with Bengal Roach Spray. The poisoned roach goes back to its nest and dies. Last week, I definitely saw a lot of surinam cockroach in there, and the chickens can eat them, but not all since they can't fit in there. For insecticides or even poison baits to be effective, they must be applied in areas in which cockroaches would normally travel or congregate (Ebeling and Reierson, 1970). However, it typically costs a few dollars less. 1. The peridomestic cockroach lives inside sometimes but tends to inhabit damp, shady places outdoors, such as brush piles and mulch. Indoors, these roaches should not. According to Ms Katz's office, the bottle was ant and roach killer that contained 100 per cent boric acid. Select a row below to filter reviews. Cockroaches will ruin your stationery, letters, cards, clothes, books, and other valuables; they are also carriers of diseases and maybe the reason you fall ill. American Cockroach. It is non-toxic to humans and kills roaches when they come into contact with it. Dear #buglivesmatter, At first we thought that this was a flightless female Sand Cockroach in the genus Arenivaga, and though BugGuide does not list any species in Louisiana, that just means no one in Louisiana has submitted any images to the site. Save up to 6% when you buy more. Size: ¾” long. Boric acid will lose effectiveness if exposed to moisture, which is often present in the kitchen. This cockroach is usually shipped into temperate areas in the soil of potted plants including trees. Surinam roaches have black or brown bodies and olive or brown almost transparent-looking leathery wings. To make a DIY roach bait, dice a handful of onions and. You’ve probably seen Hot Shot products at most stores and supermarkets. Unicor Bait System ระบบเหยื่อกำจัดปลวกสำหรับบ้านยุคใหม่ที่คนรุ่นใหม่ต้องชอบ. Place them under your seats and in the corners of the trunk. Since baits, dusts, and traps are so effective, it could be considered an optional product, but if you have a true cockroach infestation, you should plan to pick some up. Inspect it! Look closely at potted plants before bringing them indoors to prevent infestation inside the home. The Sand Cockroach, also known as “desert cockroaches,” like it hot. Australian Cockroach Life Cycle. If the poison is combined with a food item as a lure, the roaches in the area will most likely die within 10 days. 1973. Surinam cockroach (Pycnoscelus. 6 weeks of weekly sprays, then another 4 weeks of weekly gel application. KSh 480 - KSh 2,600. These species are the only important members of the genus. It is used to kill roaches; Shop Online for Cockroach Killer from a huge collection and top brands - Get the Best Cockroach Killer deals online from Kenya. The abdomen is slender and tapers down, with a yellowish underside. Because of the effects of sun and rain, these treatments often. It is also important to seal as many. The American Cockroach has one of the largest body sizes of ANY cockroach in Alabama. Stations. They are burrowing insects, which means they make their homes in the soil. Dust and trap. Boric acid powder is an effective and safe treatment for cockroaches. This bait container can be placed anywhere indoors, including your kitchens and dining areas. Do not use the spray during this time. Boric acid is a natural pesticide that kills roaches by dehydrating them. These dark brown to black cockroaches are measuring 18-24mm long and can quickly become a nuisance. Turns out, roaches have been on to our. And in cases of parasite or bacteria-carrying roaches, signs of infection can show in 12 hours or more — even. Unfortunately, similar to boric acid, baking soda offers limited results. 2 to 1. The most effective concentration of soap to water was 3% which killed the adult cockroaches within 72 hours. But in five of the six trials, the pesticides failed to kill the captured roaches, with most surviving after two weeks. Entomol. Sixteen species of cockroaches have been reported for Austria so far. Surinam cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis). Overview: The Surinam cockroach prefers to be outdoors and can cause problems in gardens and green houses. Advion Cockroach Gel Bait, 4 syringes, 1. Roaches have wings, but are unable to fly. Size: ¾” long. The smokeybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville) (Blattidae) (Fig. They grow to about 1 inch in length as an adult. Advion Mega Kill Kit - 4 pack of Gel Tubes & 1 Bag of 12 Bait Arenas - NEW. Only one pesticide—abamectin—effectively killed the captured roaches. by gailhampshire is licensed under CC BY 2. Roach bait; A. Harris Diatomaceous Earth – Best Dust . Place Hot Shot Ultra Liquid Roach Bait stations where roaches have been seen, or in out-of-the-way places near walls in cabinets, under sinks and refrigerators and in closets. 14 inches), while the adult female’s size is about 20–27 mm (or 0. Safe for both humans and animals. Ortho 0196410 Home Defense MAX Insect Killer Spray (Our Top Pick) Black Flag Roach Motel Insect Trap. Pest control contractor working in the flat. Surinam Cockroaches. on turfs and lawns). In. According to BugGuide, the Surinam Cockroach: “Reproduces through parthenogenesis in the US, where no males are found. Wings olive-green to brown, entirely cover the abdomen, (except on particularly well fed or very gravid individuals): Nymphs typically dark brown in coloration and have no noticeable patterns or markings on the exoskeleton. 06% gel bait. Learn about Surinam Cockroaches. Syngenta 383920 Advion Cockroach Gel Bait. You can purchase diatomaceous earth at most garden centers, as this is safe for your pets while it can kill or repel insects inside your house. Call the Professionals. choking or stomach blockage if your dog tears up and swallows some of these plastic pieces Combat uses Fipronil 0. 01% gel bait. My dog just ingested part of a combat large roach bait trap. In the centuries-long war between humans and. This roach has shiny black wings with dark brown to black bodies. Attractor #1: Food. surinamensis is well established in Indomalayan, tropical. There are several species listed in nearby Texas,. a. They are also one of the most commonly encountered roaches in Hawaii. Patients began dropping like flies after eating a batch of poisoned scrambled eggs, vomiting blood and writhing. Place a stick leading from the surface (counter top or floor) to the lip of the jar. Buy It Now. This is among the different types of cockroaches in Florida. The Surinam cockroach prefers dark, moist areas such as your garden. Keeping roaches out of your home or building is an ongoing process, not a one-time treatment. close. We currently track 249 animals in Suriname and are adding more every day! Located at the top of the bulge on the continent of South America,. Surinam cockroaches burrow approximately 3-4 inches underground, forming a burrow for nymphs and females incubating the egg capsules. Also known as the Surinam cockroach, P. Since baits, dusts, and traps are so effective, it could be considered an optional product, but if you have a true cockroach infestation, you should plan to pick some up. Apply Vaseline to the top inner edge of the jar. Each bottle contains up to 150 bait placements. It’s a common Hawaiian pest that tunnels through trash, soil, and compost, munching on decaying plant material and damaging living roots and stems. They are also a significant. However, 30 ml of the recyclable bottle is very effective, around 3. A peppermint oil spray does the job in a non-toxic way and is hence safe to use around children. Common Name: Surinam Cockroach Scientific Name: Pycnoscelus surinamensis Order and Family: Blattodea: Blaberidae, various species Size and Appearance: Length (mm) Appearance Egg 12 - 15 mm (ootheca) Crescent shaped with indentations. Their active ingredients tend to be synthetic pyrethroids, which interfere with the cockroaches nerve function, causing paralysis and eventually death. Find products from Terro with the lowest prices. It lives among piles of leaves, mulch, lumber piles, firewood piles and similar outdoor harborages. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. The roach is mostly found in the debris and other areas that are known for high moisture and low levels of sanitation. Schal, C; Hamilton, RL (1990). . Often ineffective for several reasons, this method works by enticing cockroaches to eat gel bait that contains an insecticide. Adult females can be identified by their size, spanning from 5/8 to an inch in length. It is very effective. The seven cockroach species that live in New Jersey are as follows: American roaches. Measuring just about 1cm in length, German cockroches are one of three cockroach species considered pests in Singapore. Overview: The Surinam cockroach prefers to be outdoors and can cause problems in gardens and green houses. When you're coming face to face with roaches, Raid Ant & Roach Killer is an on-the-spot spray that will make short work of your adversaries — at least the ones you can see. According to the National Pesticide Information Centre, boric acid can cause an array of. When you spray cockroaches, the active ingredients of synthetic pyrethrins and pyrethroids are absorbed through the skin. Check Price. Turkestan Cockroach. Adults with pale leading edge on the dark brown to black pronotum. To make this mixture, combine equal parts of boric acid and flour and place in places where you’ve observed cockroach activity. Michigan State University recommends bait stations around the plants to catch and eliminate cockroaches. $89. Fipronil 0. Smokeybrown cockroach nymphs hatch within 50 days. Wood Cockroaches. Advion Cockroach Bait is easily one of the most popular roach killers on the market due to its “chain killing” effect. While these cockroaches. The Surinam cockroach, scientifically known as Pycnoscelus surinamensis, is a tropical insect found in Central and South America. $8. It moves more slowly than other cockroaches and releases smelly defensive. In heated greenhouses, where large numbers. Diatomaceous earth: A powder that can be sprinkled around your home to deter roaches, as it causes them to dehydrate and die 1. They are shiny. 5%; Crude Fat — 6. Cockroach poison contains chemicals such as fipronil, hydramethylnon, and boric acid that can cause toxicity in dogs if they ingest it. Roaches need food to survive. Bait comes in various forms, but when used in outdoor bait stations, granules and gels work best. The Surinam cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, is the intermediate host of a nematode, Oxyspirura mansoni, that may cause blindness in poultry. 2 inches. More Information. That. Cockroach infestation in Singapore is a common household complaints and an ongoing concern. Simply sprinkle baking soda on food, such as an onion, and leave it near where you’ve seen roaches overnight. The nymphs are also easily. Residents of Florida and South Carolina will recognize the Palmetto bug. tb1234. They’re unique because they have a dark plate behind their head, and their wings are light-tan. 2. (Effective against many types of insects - Comfortable wand design makes it easy to use - Homesickness-free experience with this product - No mess when using - Non-toxic. The symptoms of cockroach poison poisoning can vary depending on the amount of poison ingested by the dog, but they can include vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, seizures, and even death. I tried to take that out about 4 months ago, but my dad insist to leave it in there. Surinam Cockroach Control Austin, TX Dealing with Surinam Cockroaches in Austin, Texas: Magic Pest and Lawn's Expert Approach Austin, Texas, known for its vibrant. It is made with 40% cypermethrin and comes in powder form. Seal cracks and crevices. 002 4/14 Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure Category 3 H335 Acute aquatic toxicity Category 1 H400 Chronic aquatic toxicity Category 1 H410Cockroach baits are recommended due to their effectiveness and because the application is targeted specifically at roaches. Limiting watering can be beneficial in eradicating the cockroaches attracted to indoor trees, but you can only cut back on watering to a point that the tree doesn’t begin to deteriorate, which depends on the type of tree. If we check under rocks in the garden where the adults are found then the. HIT Crawling Insect Killer – Cockroach Killer Spray | Instant Kill | Deep-Reach Nozzle | Fresh Fragrance, 320ml & Spray - Crawling Insect Killer (200ml) Mortein 45ml x 6 (Buy 4 Get 2 Free) - SmartPlus Mosquito Repellent Refill | Mosquito Repellent & Killer | 100% Protection from Dengue Mosquitoes, Pack of 6. 3 cm to 1. Adults are 18 to 25 mm in length. Spread it out! Thinly spread mulch piles to make them less. Once a roach has found and consumed bait, it typically dies within 1-3 days. They feed off plant stems and roots, destroying plants in the process. Adult Stage. and Canada. After determining where the water bugs are, homeowners researching how to kill water bugs will find that they have several options. These roaches are considered burrowing insects, as they prefer to shelter under soil outdoors and in potted plants. Originally settled. Maxforce Pro Roach Killer Bait Gel (hydramethylnon) BA1091. Cockroaches (Blattaria or Blattodea; about 4,400 species) are among the oldest and most primitive of insects, dating to the Permian, about 275 million years ago (with termite ancestry). Surinam Roaches reproduce through parthenogenesis which means that females reproduce by making. Homemade Roach Killer Recipe . Brown-banded cockroaches. However, Surinam cockroach has a positive association with some ants, though as a temporary ant nest commensal, not as a myrmecophile (Deleporte et al. Insect Cockroach killer spray 500ml Powerful cockroach repellent Insecticide spray Multi insect kill. Dr. Invict Gold Cockroach German Roach Control Gel Bait w/ plunger. Roach Care Sheet Roach Care Sheet: Surinam Roaches (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) Common and Scientific Name Surinam Roach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) Breeding Information and Defining Characteristics They need it warm and humid to breed. This will give cockroaches the food and water they need, but with poison that will kill them and the nest. Borax and baking soda: Combine these two substances in equal parts, then add just enough water to make a thick paste. This species is reddish brown or black and measures 1. S. . 33,986. Simply follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for optimal results.